No Borel upper bound for the $F_σ$ equivalence relations

We prove that the family of coset relations of $F_σ$ real linear subspaces of Banach space $\ell_1$ has no common upper bound among Borel equivalence relations in the sense of Borel reducibility. These relations are indexed by a well-founded tree. Consequently, on a Polish space, a universal $Σ^0_α$ equivalence relation exists exactly when $α=1$, and a universal $Π^0_α$ equivalence relation exists exactly when $α=1$ or $2$. This strengthens the earlier nonexistence theorem for a universal $F_σ$ equivalence relation. This also answers a question of Kanovei and Lyubetsky about universal equivalence relations in Borel classes.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
arXiv (Cornell University)
Published
2026-11-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.02531
Primary Topic
Advanced Topology and Set Theory
Type
preprint
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preprint

No Borel upper bound for the $F_σ$ equivalence relations

Ruijun Wang
arXiv (Cornell University)
Advanced Topology and Set Theory
preprint

No Borel upper bound for the $F_σ$ equivalence relations

Ruijun Wang
preprint en

Abstract

We prove that the family of coset relations of $F_σ$ real linear subspaces of Banach space $\ell_1$ has no common upper bound among Borel equivalence relations in the sense of Borel reducibility. These relations are indexed by a well-founded tree. Consequently, on a Polish space, a universal $Σ^0_α$ equivalence relation exists exactly when $α=1$, and a universal $Π^0_α$ equivalence relation exists exactly when $α=1$ or $2$. This strengthens the earlier nonexistence theorem for a universal $F_σ$ equivalence relation. This also answers a question of Kanovei and Lyubetsky about universal equivalence relations in Borel classes.

arXiv (Cornell University)
Advanced Topology and Set Theory
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No Borel upper bound for the $F_σ$ equivalence relations — Ruijun Wang · arXiv (Cornell University) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS