Mindful Generative AI Use: Development and Validation of a Langerian Mindfulness Scale

Drawing on Langerian mindfulness, we developed the Mindful Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) Use Scale (MGAIUS) across two studies in Chinese samples. Expert review, exploratory (N = 240) and confirmatory (N = 400) factor analyses, and three-week retesting (N = 90) supported the validity and reliability of a four-dimensional scale comprising exploration of new GenAI use, engagement with GenAI interaction, awareness of alternative GenAI pathways, and novel ideation through GenAI interaction. Among experienced GenAI users (N = 400), MGAIUS scores correlated positively with general Langerian mindfulness, GenAI literacy, self-reported task performance, interest, and pride, and negatively with instrumental GenAI dependence. All criterion measures were self-reported. Despite substantial overlap with GenAI literacy, the MGAIUS showed some evidence of discriminant validity and modest incremental validity beyond demographics, GenAI-use frequency, general Langerian mindfulness, and GenAI literacy. These findings provide preliminary support for this theoretically grounded measure of mindful GenAI use.