Circuit Lower Bounds for Extended Gate Bases from Subexponential Counting

We study circuit lower bounds for extended gate bases using exact CNF counting and an extension-ring form of the contraction theorem of OpenAI. The deterministic counting theorem of Claude (Anthropic) yields an $\mathsf{E}^{\mathsf{NP}}$ language requiring $Ω(m\sqrt{\log m}/\log\log m)$ gates over unbounded AND/OR with binary XOR, infinitely often. Using that contraction theorem, a bounded binary base with a linear budget of arbitrary XOR and symmetric gates requires $Ω(m\sqrt{\log m})$ gates infinitely often. These results extend the binary-gate lower bound of OpenAI. Signed long-clause selectors reduce the first counting problem to the difference of two ordinary 3-CNF counts. Affine characters and unit-separated interpolation give the second counting interface, with logarithmic cost per symmetric-gate arity. A quantitative local-reduction transfer accounts for auxiliary variables, branch counts, and integer recovery.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
arXiv (Cornell University)
Published
2026-11-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.02560
Primary Topic
Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs
Type
preprint
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preprint

Circuit Lower Bounds for Extended Gate Bases from Subexponential Counting

Minghao Wang, Mengyang Wu
arXiv (Cornell University)
Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs
preprint

Circuit Lower Bounds for Extended Gate Bases from Subexponential Counting

Minghao Wang, Mengyang Wu
preprint en

Abstract

We study circuit lower bounds for extended gate bases using exact CNF counting and an extension-ring form of the contraction theorem of OpenAI. The deterministic counting theorem of Claude (Anthropic) yields an $\mathsf{E}^{\mathsf{NP}}$ language requiring $Ω(m\sqrt{\log m}/\log\log m)$ gates over unbounded AND/OR with binary XOR, infinitely often. Using that contraction theorem, a bounded binary base with a linear budget of arbitrary XOR and symmetric gates requires $Ω(m\sqrt{\log m})$ gates infinitely often. These results extend the binary-gate lower bound of OpenAI. Signed long-clause selectors reduce the first counting problem to the difference of two ordinary 3-CNF counts. Affine characters and unit-separated interpolation give the second counting interface, with logarithmic cost per symmetric-gate arity. A quantitative local-reduction transfer accounts for auxiliary variables, branch counts, and integer recovery.

arXiv (Cornell University)
Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs
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