Demographic Dynamics and Disease Distribution in Three Rural Villages of Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta

Demographic dynamics and disease distribution are foundational determinants of population health in rural Indonesia. Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta, confronts a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases amid ongoing demographic transitions including population aging and declining fertility. To describe and compare demographic dynamics (birth, death, migration, and age structure) and disease distribution patterns in three rural villages of Kulon Progo from 2023 to 2025. A cross-sectional observational design was used. Data were obtained from Kalurahan administrative records and Puskesmas annual reports in Desa Kranggan (Kapanewon Galur), Desa Jatirejo, and Desa Gulurejo (Kecamatan Lendah). Results: Total populations were relatively stable across all villages. Birth rates dropped sharply in 2024 before partly recovering in 2025. An aging trend was evident in Gulurejo (elderly population: 964 1043). Hypertension was the dominant condition in Jatirejo (max 236 cases) and Gulurejo (max 2396 cases). ISPA surged dramatically in Kranggan in 2025 (0186 cases). Diarrhea increased consistently across all three villages. The convergence of demographic aging and escalating disease burdens demands integrated public health responses, including enhanced primary healthcare capacity, environmental sanitation improvements, and community-based PHBS promotion.