Physical activity as a modifiable factor supporting mental well-being in men with symptoms of age-related androgen decline: a narrative literature review

Male ageing is associated with biological, psychological, and social changes, including symptoms linked to age-related androgen decline, such as reduced energy, low mood, sleep disturbances, decreased libido, lower self-esteem, and impaired quality of life. This narrative literature review aims to discuss physical activity as a modifiable factor that may support the psychological well-being of men experiencing symptoms associated with age-related androgen decline, particularly mood, depressive symptoms, quality of life, self-esteem, and psychosocial functioning. The review draws on scientific publications from 2023-2026 available in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus, supplemented by references from selected reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines addressing physical activity, men’s mental health, late-onset hypogonadism, testosterone deficiency, and age-related androgen changes. Available evidence suggests that physical activity may contribute to comprehensive mental health support in ageing men but does not replace the diagnosis and treatment of clinically confirmed hypogonadism. Potential biopsychosocial mechanisms include improvements in physical fitness, body composition, metabolic function, and sleep quality, as well as increased self-efficacy, self-esteem, and social support. These processes should not be interpreted solely in terms of changes in testosterone levels, and their role as mediators of improved psychological well-being requires further investigation.