Laws of Hierarchy and Dark Matter in The Universe

This article analyzes information regarding galaxy formation and the role of dark matter within them, as described in scientific literature based on the Standard Model of the Universe’s origin. This information indicates that dark matter is not present in all galaxies and, furthermore, diminishes overtime. Conversely, it is demonstrated that the Standard Model - in its various modifi cations - contradicts the laws of physics and is therefore untenable. Moreover, the Standard Model overlooks the hierarchical structure of the Universe. In parallel, the article examines the Model of Universe Formation with Minimal Initial Entropy (UMIE), which is based on hierarchical principles and complies with all laws of physics. The UMIE model allows for a description of all universal processes without violating physical laws - specifically, the creation of matter without antimatter, the formation of all known chemical elements (including heavy ones), and the emergence of planets, stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters. It is shown that the hierarchical structure of the Universe gives rise to seven physical interactions. Of these, the weak, strong, and electromagnetic interactions operate within three-dimensional space, whereas the four types of gravitational interactions are multidimensional. The multidimensional nature of gravitational interaction accounts for the low value of the interaction constant (γ, G), as the interaction occurs simultaneously across all layers of the stratified space of the Super-Universe. This facilitates the instantaneous transmission of gravitational interaction between stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters. It is shown that the magnitude of the gravitational interaction constant within a galaxy significantly exceeds that within planetary systems, thereby ensuring the stability of the galactic structure. At higher hierarchical levels, the magnitude of the gravitational interaction constant is signifi cantly lower than within planetary systems - a fact that may be perceived as the accelerated recession of galaxies. Dark matter, as currently sought in the Universe, lacks a hierarchical structure and therefore cannot exist..