Probiotics: Therapeutic Applications and Drug Delivery Approaches

Probiotics have gained increasing interest in pharmaceutical sciences because of their potential role in maintaining health and supporting the management of various diseases. These live microorganisms may influence host health through several mechanisms, including modulation of the intestinal microbiota, maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity, regulation of immune responses, and production of antimicrobial substances. Research has explored their applications in gastrointestinal disorders, oral and vaginal health, and several other conditions, although the available evidence varies depending on the probiotic strain and clinical indication. Despite their therapeutic potential, the development of probiotic formulations presents several challenges, particularly the maintenance of microbial viability during manufacturing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit. Recent advances in pharmaceutical technology, including microencapsulation, polymer-based encapsulation, and nanoencapsulation, are being investigated to improve probiotic stability and delivery to the intended site of action. However, differences in strain characteristics, formulation requirements, and clinical outcomes continue to influence their effectiveness. This review discusses the therapeutic applications of probiotics in pharmaceutical science, and recent advances in probiotic delivery systems. It also highlights current formulation challenges and future research directions that may contribute to the development of stable, safe, and effective probiotic-based pharmaceutical products.