Oral Bisphenol A Exposure Induces Oxidative Stress and DNA-Damage Biomarkers and Alters Hepatic p53 in Rats: Modulatory Effects of Spirulina platensis

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread endocrine-disrupting environmental contaminant associated with oxidative and metabolic disturbances. This study investigated BPA-associated oxidative stress, serum 8-OHdG as a marker of oxidative DNA damage, hepatic p53 protein levels and selected hepatorenal biochemical markers in male rats and evaluated the modulatory effects of Spirulina platensis. Methods: Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 10/group): vehicle control, BPA at 120 mg/kg/day (BPA-LD), BPA at 240 mg/kg/day (BPA-HD), BPA-LD plus S. platensis (1000 mg/kg/day), BPA-HD plus S. platensis and S. platensis alone. Treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage for 21 consecutive days. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) and p53 protein levels, serum 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and biochemical markers of liver and kidney function were evaluated. Result: BPA exposure increased hepatic MDA and ACOX1 levels, serum 8-OHdG and hepatic p53 protein levels, with several responses being more pronounced at the lower BPA dose. Alterations were also observed in serum liver and kidney function markers. Co-administration of S. platensis attenuated several BPA-associated changes, including hepatic lipid peroxidation, serum 8-OHdG, increased hepatic ACOX1 and p53 protein levels and selected hepatorenal biochemical indices. However, the magnitude of the modulatory effect varied among the measured endpoints. These findings indicate that S. platensis may mitigate several biochemical consequences of BPA exposure, although further studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms.