Kazakhstan's Merchandise Export Structure: Concentration, Non-Resource Exports and Diversification Challenges

This paper examines the structure of Kazakhstan's merchandise exports and the challenges of export diversification, using public secondary sources (BNS, OECD, WITS, UNCTAD). In 2024, crude oil and crude oil products made up 52.5% of exports, and the five largest product categories together made up 70.1%. The paper explains why total export value alone does not show diversification and gives recommendations. It does not calculate a ten-year RCA series because a consistent dataset was not available. Language editing and drafting assistance: Claude (Anthropic). Sources, figures and conclusions checked by the author