Filtering system based on carbon nanostructures

Carbon nanostructures have emerged as highly promising materials for advanced filtration systems due to their exceptional surface area, tunable surface chemistry, mechanical strength, and unique physicochemical properties. This review critically examines filtration systems based on carbon nanostructures, with particular emphasis on graphene-based, graphene oxide (GO)-based, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based, carbon nanotube (CNT)-based, functionalized carbon dot-based membranes, and other carbon species. These materials enable the efficient removal of a broad spectrum of contaminants, including organic pollutants (dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and natural organic matter), inorganic species (heavy metal ions, salts, and oxyanions), and biological contaminants (bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens). Overall, carbon-nanostructure-based membranes offer a versatile, sustainable platform for next-generation water treatment and environmental remediation that can address complex multi-contaminant scenarios.