The Roadmap and Manufacturing Challenges of EMLs and CW Lasers for 800G, 1.6T, and 3.2T Super Intelligence (SI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Computing Applications

This paper presents the roadmap and manufacturing challenges of electroabsorption-modulated lasers (EMLs) and continuous-wave (CW) lasers for 800G, 1.6T, and 3.2T super intelligence (SI) and artificial intelligence (AI) optical transmission and computing applications. We highlight the roadmap for EMLs and CW lasers across different generations of optical switching technologies and discuss key manufacturing challenges, including (1) technical complexity, (2) substrate constraints, and (3) process equipment requirements.