A high-resolution wireless sensing platform for the characterization of urodynamic events in murine models

Abstract Cystometry in murine models is fundamental for understanding lower urinary tract dysfunctions. However, the high cost of commercial equipment and the mechanical limitations of wired systems, which can introduce electronic noise and restrict mobility, often hinder implementation and can compromise animal welfare. This work presents CISTREC, a low-cost, high-signal-integrity wireless pressure monitoring platform designed for preclinical research. The system integrates a digital sensor with on-chip signal conditioning and a 24-bit digital output, enabling direct digitization at the sensor and minimizing susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. Data transmission was performed via Bluetooth Low Energy 5.0 (BLE), providing galvanic isolation and portability. Validation included in vitro characterization from 0 to 160 cmH 2 O, and in vivo evaluation in an overactive bladder (OAB) model induced by acetic acid in Wistar rats. In vitro tests demonstrated a coefficient of determination of 0.999946, a root-mean-square error of 0.3454 cmH 2 O, an effective experimental resolution of 0.0742 cmH 2 O, and a full-scale signal-to-noise ratio (SNR FS ) of 76.23 dB. In the in vivo experiment, the high resolution enabled accurate capture of biomarkers, including high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) and non-voiding contractions (NVCs). Significant changes were observed in the pathological model, including a reduction in the inter-contraction interval and a decrease in bladder compliance. The CISTREC system achieves metrological performance in line with reported specifications of high-end commercial systems, at a low cost. Its wireless architecture and high sensitivity facilitate access to advanced urodynamics, promoting the principle of refinement in animal experimentation without compromising rigorous scientific standards.