Bisphenol A Promotes Molecular Subtypes of Type 1 Endometrial Cancer Through Several Inflammatory Pathways

Bisphenol A (BPA) surrounds us nowadays and this exposure is known to cause numerous health problems, cancer included. Since BPA is structurally similar to natural Estradiol-17β, it acts as a xenoestrogen overstimulating estrogen receptors. This triggers multiple pathways, mainly via inflammatory responses, that may lead to the progression of cancer. For hormone-sensitive cancers such as type 1 endometrial cancer, this is especially true. This article examined the most common pathways cited that involve inflammation leading to the formation, maintenance and aggressiveness of cancer stem cells, with the inflammation linked to BPA exposure. Other pathways were also examined where BPA may be involved in mutagenesis. The results and detailed discussions of the pathways are presented, along with clarifying tables. Cancer stem cell formation and maintenance are affected by chronic BPA exposure leading to type 1 endometrial cancer, but with some evidence gaps that still need to be resolved. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation is a key step, directly damaging DNA, causing oncogene formation, disabling proofreading genes, and triggering tumorigenesis. The known key pathways relevant to the formation and progression of endometrial cancer, and mechanisms concerning how BPA may trigger the process are discussed.