Design of railway subgrade considering seismic forces in various soil types

The article addresses the issues of railway design in seismic regions, taking into account the specific behavior of foundation soils and the topographical characteristics of the terrain. Based on the obtained results and the briefly described experimental methodologies, recommendations are provided for selecting structural solutions suitable for seismic areas. In addition, new structural designs have been developed that combine reliability under seismic loading with efficient use of construction materials. The proposed theoretical solutions have been refined and validated through experimental investigations.