Developing and diagnoses new pharmaceutical compounds derivatives from starch and studying their inhibitory and biological activity

Starch, a natural polymer, is modified for drug delivery by chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods to alter its structure and properties for improved drug loading, release, and biocompatibility. Chemical modifications include esterification, etherification, and oxidation to enhance properties like gel strength, stability, and hydrophilicity. Physical methods like annealing can increase molecular mobility, aiding in controlled release. Enzymatic treatments can also alter starch structures. These modified starches are used in drug delivery systems, acting as polymers or excipients in hydrogels, nanoparticles, and films for targeted and controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Advanced pharmaceutical materials are a requirement of human health as companies seek to develop medical treatment to obtain the best results. A new types of polymer drugs were used in this study: paracetamol, amoxicillin, ampicillin, Salbutamol. sulphathiazole, and cefotaxime as new modified polymer used against microorganism. Natural starch, a polysaccharide compound, was used as a binder to form new active groups in the drug composition. The esterification mechanism was used in the reaction, resulting in the formation of starch acetate containing acetate groups after water withdrawal and pH adjustment to 7. Maleic anhydride was added to the starch acetate polymer by refluxing for 6 hours at 153C o with DMF as solvent to produce polymer the starch acetate maleate as (S3) compound. The selected standard antibiotic samples were reacted with the starch acetate maleate polymer to produce new pharmaceutical compounds such as amoxicillin starch acetate polymer and so on. The new pharmaceutical compounds were identified using FTIR, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HNMR) A study was conducted by the new pharmaceutical compounds to study their physiological and inhibiting activity on microorganism as the E.coli and the Staphylococcus with concentration of 1000 ppm. The result appears increasing in cell number for theS3- sulphametaxiol drug as 21 mm and for the S3-Cefotaxin drug as 39mm against the E.coli in addition the increasing via the S3 polymer with value of 41mm while most of the new pharmaceutical polymers showed effectiveness against Staphylococcus bacteria. In addition to study the impact of some of the new drugs on cell line. The results showed that the new drug has activity against living organisms (E. coli bacteria and Staphylococcus bacteria) in addition to its activity under normal laboratory conditions, Docking and cytotoxicity results showed a possible correlation. Sulphamethoxazole had the strongest binding (–10.8 kcal/mol), while Salbutamol was the weakest (–9.3 kcal/mol). Cefotaxime showed the highest anticancer activity, and Ampicillin the lowest. Overall, stronger docking interactions may suggest higher anticancer potential.