How vector similarity thresholds map to USPTO Class 25 word marks

A review of USPTO Class 25 word marks from 2023–2025 shows that a 0.85 cosine similarity score correlates with a 74% Section 2(d) refusal rate. Independent technical note mirroring the canonical version: https://aitrademarkreview.com/blog/how-vector-similarity-thresholds-map-to-uspto-class-25-word-marks.php Sources consulted: https://www.bluusun.com/

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23891045
Primary Topic
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Type
preprint
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preprint

How vector similarity thresholds map to USPTO Class 25 word marks

Ryan Walker
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
preprint

How vector similarity thresholds map to USPTO Class 25 word marks

Ryan Walker
preprint en

Abstract

A review of USPTO Class 25 word marks from 2023–2025 shows that a 0.85 cosine similarity score correlates with a 74% Section 2(d) refusal rate. Independent technical note mirroring the canonical version: https://aitrademarkreview.com/blog/how-vector-similarity-thresholds-map-to-uspto-class-25-word-marks.php Sources consulted: https://www.bluusun.com/

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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How vector similarity thresholds map to USPTO Class 25 word marks — Ryan Walker · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS