Anthrax in Andhra Pradesh , India.

Description Anthrax is a serious zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. It mainly affects herbivorous animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats, but humans can also become infected through contact with infected animals, contaminated animal products, or consumption of contaminated meat. Andhra Pradesh is one of the regions where anthrax outbreaks have been reported, particularly in livestock-rearing areas. The bacterial spores can survive in soil for many years, making disease control difficult. Animals may develop sudden fever, breathing difficulties, bleeding from natural openings, and sudden death. In humans, anthrax commonly presents as cutaneous anthrax, characterized by a painless skin lesion that may develop into a black eschar. Other forms include gastrointestinal and inhalational anthrax. Epidemiological description A 2025 study reported 122 animal anthrax outbreaks and 654 animal deaths in Andhra Pradesh during 2009–2024, along with 21 reported human outbreaks during 2004–2024. Sheep accounted for 84% of the affected animal species, followed by bovines (9%) and goats (4%). Outbreaks were recorded throughout the year, with seasonal peaks during March–October. Livestock movement for grazing and inadequate vaccination may contribute to the spread of infection. Prevention and control Prevention includes routine vaccination of livestock in endemic areas, safe handling of animal products, early reporting of suspected cases, and proper disposal of infected carcasses according to veterinary guidelines. Public awareness and collaboration between human healthcare workers and veterinary authorities are essential for effective disease control.