Mechanisms and Configurational Paths to Supply Chain Resilience in New Energy Vehicle Battery Companies Under Digital Transformation: An Integrated SEM and fsQCA Approach

Batteries are the core component of new energy vehicles (NEVs), and their supply chain resilience matters for the sustainable development of the industry. Using 326 valid questionnaires completed by employees of NEV battery companies in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) were applied to examine how digital transformation, the three dimensions of supply chain dynamic capabilities (learning and absorption, innovation, and collaboration), and environmental dynamics are associated with supply chain resilience. Digital transformation is significantly and positively associated with resilience, both directly and indirectly through supply chain dynamic capabilities, which account for 47.09% of the total effect; collaboration carries the largest share among the three dimensions (34.66%). Environmental dynamics positively moderates this association. Necessity analysis indicates that no single antecedent condition is necessary for high resilience, while four configurations sufficient for high resilience were identified and summarized as three patterns, with a solution consistency of 0.877 and a solution coverage of 0.682. The pattern combining all three capability dimensions accounts for the largest share of membership in high resilience. High resilience therefore appears reachable through several functionally equivalent configurations rather than a single optimal combination of capabilities.