Simulated Feature Fusion for Parkinson’s Disease Prediction Using Non-aligned Public Handwriting and Voice Datasets

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects over 10 million people worldwide, with prevalence increasing due to aging populations. Early symptoms such as tremor, micrographia, bradykinesia, and voice changes often remain undetected until substantial neuronal loss has occurred, leading to irreversible damage and increased treatment costs. This paper presents a comparative study of five machine learning models—Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (RBF Kernel), K-Nearest Neighbors, and XGBoost—for Parkinson’s disease prediction using handwriting and voice-based features. Performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, AUC, 5-fold cross-validation, ROC curve analysis, feature importance analysis, and SHAP-based explainability.XGBoost achieved the highest test-set F1-score (0.7407) and AUC (0.8329), while SVM achieved the highest average cross-validation F1-score. Decision-level fusion further improved recall (0.88) while maintaining competitive overall performance. K-Nearest Neighbors produced the lowest overall performance, while XGBoost achieved the best balance between classification accuracy, F1-score, and AUC.