Analysis of Power Losses on Sub-Transmission Lines in Akure Transmission Network

This research work comprehensively determines and analyzes the electrical power losses incurred within the Akure sub-transmission network (132 kV / 33 kV system) through rigorous mathematical evaluation, line parameter modeling, and multi-year graphical trend analysis based on empirical operational data obtained from the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Akure Business Unit. The empirical findings reveal that actual recorded power losses from the sending-end to receiving-end stations vastly exceed the theoretical, design-calculated transmission losses. A deep diagnostic investigation identified that this severe disparity is primarily driven by physical technical defects: broken strands of overhead conductors, loose and burnt jumper connections, unauthorized substitution of damaged line sections with undersized conductor wires during emergency line repairs, poorly married or improper twisting joints of stranded conductors resulting from substandard technical workmanship, and severe sustained transformer overloading. Additional contributing operational and environmental factors—including high winding temperatures, failing cooling systems, and overgrown vegetation contacting high-tension corridors—are thoroughly documented. Strategic technical and operational interventions are recommended to restore grid reliability and mitigate energy dissipation.