Patent foramen ovale-associated stroke: mechanisms, diagnosis, risk stratification, and management

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is present in some people, and PFO may lead to cryptogenic stroke. How to identify the causal relationship between PFO and cryptogenic stroke and how to assess the risk of stroke recurrence remain clinical challenges. We reviewed the related mechanisms, diagnosis, relevant biomarkers and the risk assessment of PFO-associated stroke. We also discussed recent advances in PFO closure and its potential indications. Further researches are needed on post-closure medical management and the use of PFO closure in patients over 60 years of age.