Educational Robotics for Advanced-Level Science Teaching in Rwanda:Learner Perceptions, Implementation Barriers, and Pathways for Sustainable Integration

Educational robotics is increasingly positioned as a practical vehicle for STEM learning, computational thinking, creativity, problem solving, and technology literacy. Yet the effectiveness of robotics depends strongly on context, pedagogy, teacher capacity, infrastructure, and learner access. This study examined learner perceptions of the benefits, constraints, and practical pathways for integrating educational robotics into advanced-level science teaching in Rwanda. A mixed-methods case-study design was used with 88 upper secondary learners in Nyanza District. Questionnaire data were summarized using frequencies and percentages and were complemented by key-informant interviews and documentary analysis. The findings indicate high perceived educational value: 82% of respondents strongly agreed and 16% agreed with a combined statement that robotics could improve learning related performance and practical engagement. Learners also associated robotics with curiosity, innovation, creative work, and better decision making. However, substantial barriers were identified. Eighty-eight percent strongly agreed that robotics is financially demanding; 92% strongly agreed that insufficient instructional materials constrain inclusive implementation; and 95% strongly agreed that robotics raises concerns about future employment displacement. In response, 98% strongly supported emphasizing creativity and innovation, 89% supported strengthening decision making, and 76% strongly supported linking robotics activities to income generating innovation. The study interprets these findings against recent international meta analyses and systematic reviews showing positive average effects of educational robotics on STEM learning while emphasizing the importance of teacher support, instructional design, and access to resources. In the Rwandan context, the results align with national priorities around STEM, digital skills, smart classrooms, competency-based education, and technology enabled learning. The paper concludes that robotics should be introduced through phased, curriculum aligned, teacher supported, and resource sensitive models rather than as a standalone technological novelty. Recommendations are offered for teacher professional development, low-cost implementation, inclusive participation, ethical and future-of-work education, and stronger multi-school research designs.