Association of Risk Factors with the Occurrence and Staging of Bladder Cancer in A Tertiary Hospital in Indonesia

Introduction. Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent urological malignancies worldwide, with an increasing global occurrence influenced by several risk factors, including age, family history, metabolic conditions, and smoking habits. This study aims to analyze the relationship between these risk factors and both the occurrence and staging of bladder cancer among patients at Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, during the 2020–2024 period. Methods. An analytical observational study with a case–control design was conducted using 140 medical record samples, consisting of 70 cases and 70 controls. Result. Bivariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between bladder cancer occurrence and age ≥60 years (p=0.042), family history (p=0.033), metabolic disease (p=0.036), and smoking history (p<0.001), with smoking identified as the most dominant risk factor (OR 4.866). However, no significant associations were found between these risk factors and cancer staging (p>0.05). Conclusion. Multivariate analysis further confirmed smoking as the strongest independent predictor of cancer occurrence. These findings suggest that older age, family history of cancer, metabolic diseases, and particularly smoking are significantly associated with bladder cancer occurrence, whereas none of these factors show a meaningful relationship with cancer staging.