Associations of indoor smoking and household environmental conditions with tuberculosis occurrence in south sorong, indonesia

Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a major public health concern, particularly in communities where household behaviors and environmental conditions may facilitate transmission. Indoor smoking can impair respiratory defenses and reduce indoor air quality, while inappropriate temperature and humidity may create household environments that are less favorable for respiratory health. This study examined the associations of indoor smoking, household temperature, and humidity with tuberculosis occurrence in South Sorong, Indonesia. Research Methodology: A quantitative observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 79 respondents in the working area of Fkour Public Health Center, South Sorong Regency. Data were collected using questionnaires, a tuberculosis screening form, and direct measurements of indoor temperature and humidity using a thermohygrometer. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed using Chi-square-based tests with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Tuberculosis was identified in 17 of 79 respondents (21.5%). TB occurred in 65.2% of respondents with poor indoor smoking practices compared with 3.6% among those with good practices. TB was also identified in 57.7% of respondents living in houses with non-compliant temperatures compared with 3.8% in compliant houses, and in 52.2% of respondents living in houses with non-compliant humidity compared with 8.9% in compliant houses. Indoor smoking, temperature, and humidity were significantly associated with tuberculosis occurrence (all p<0.001). Conclusion: Indoor smoking and unfavorable household environmental conditions were significantly associated with tuberculosis occurrence. Strengthening smoke-free home policies, household environmental monitoring, contact investigation, and timely diagnostic follow-up may support community-based tuberculosis prevention and control.