Epidemiological distribution of HPV genotypes and associated risk factors among HIV Positive and Negative women in Western Kenya

Abstract Background Human Papillomavirus infection is documented as the leading cause of cervical cancer globally. In Kenya, the burden of cervical cancer remains high despite cervical cancer preventions strategies. This study explores the epidemiological distribution and risk factors associated with HPV infection among HIV positive and negative women attending Gobei Health Center, Western Kenya. Methods We conducted a study between June and August 2024. A total of 308 eligible women aged 17–67 years who sought medical attention at Gobei Health Center and gave written consent were enrolled in the study. Each participant filled a structured questionnaire with the help of a research assistant where their socio-demographic, past reproductive history and sexual behavior characteristics were reported. Participants chose either HPV self-sampling or nurse-assisted cervical specimen collection approach. Riatol assay was used to determine HPV genotypes from each participant. Results The overall prevalence of HPV infection among women attending Gobei Health Centre was 37.6%. The most prevalent HPV genotype were HPV 52, 16, 18, 35, 31. HPV 16 was the most common genotype among HIV positive women. Being divorced was associated with HPV infection (AOR = 4.02, CI: 1.20–13.5, P = 0.024) and (AOR = 0.15, CI: 0.04–0.53 P = 0.003) respectively. There was a varied distribution of HPV viral load among HIV positive women compared to HIV negative women. Conclusion HPV infection remains common among HIV positive and Negative women attending Gobei Health Centre. Strengthening Cervical cancer prevention program such as comprehensive HPV vaccination and safe sex education in rural settings is important.