Komparasi Model Instructional Design dalam Pengembangan Pembelajaran PAI: Pendekatan Dick & Carey, ADDIE, dan Design Thinking

Although instructional design approaches have significant potential to improve learning processes, research specifically addressing their application in Islamic education remains limited. This study aims to examine the characteristics, similarities, differences, and applicability of the Dick and Carey, ADDIE, and Design Thinking models in the development of Islamic education learning. This study employed a qualitative approach using library research. Data were collected from relevant books, journal articles, and scholarly publications and analyzed through content analysis. The findings show that the Dick and Carey model emphasizes systematic instructional planning, the ADDIE model provides a structured yet flexible development process, and Design Thinking promotes empathy, creativity, and learner-centered innovation. These findings indicate that the three models offer complementary strengths for designing effective Islamic education instruction. The study concludes that integrating the principles of these instructional design models can support the development of more adaptive, systematic, and effective learning designs in Islamic education. Theoretically, this study contributes to the literature on instructional design in Islamic education by clarifying the comparative strengths of three major design models. Practically, it provides recommendations for curriculum developers and teachers to select and integrate design models that respond to students’ learning needs. This study also opens opportunities for further research on integrated instructional design models in Islamic education.