Implication in Healthcare associated Nosocomial Infections

ABSTRACT Background :- Hospital-acquired Infections The hospital-acquired infections are those that occur to patients during the period they stay at a health care setting, which were not present at the time of admission. They cause an increase in morbidity, death, length of stay and cost of health care. The hospital-acquired infections can be caused at intensive care units, operation theatres, surgical wards, general wards. The different types of nosocomial infections include - wound infections, urinary tract infections- associated with catheter, bloodstream infections- associated with central line, hospital acquired pneumonia (including ventilator associated pneumonia). Objective :-The aim of this paper is to analyze the possible sources of the factors that determine infectious transmission including the nature of germs involved, resistance, infection control and prevention as well as disease surveillance, their deficiencies and the possibilities for a study in this respect to be conducted in a hospital setting to analyze the manner of implementation of infection control measures and their potential relationship to nosocomial infections. Methods :- In order to achieve this, a narrative review of the literature will be performed. This will be a review of published research and guidelines by groups such as the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Indian Council of Medica Research (ICMR). We further recommend a small observational study to assess compliance with infection control and to examine HAI incidence in selected wards. As no primary data collection has been undertaken for this article we are unable to report on any new results or figures. Discussion: nosocomial infections are complex. They occur when vulnerable patients, the bacteria, the hospital and patient care, come together. The main causes are poor hand hygiene, misuse of antibiotics, use of catheters and other devices, length of stay, poor disinfection or sterilisation and lapses in surveillance. With the development of resistance, nosocomial infections are becoming a bigger problem. Prevention requires evidence based infection prevention protocols and policy, robust surveillance systems, antimicrobial stewardship and intervention strategies, implementation of these evidence based interventions: hand hygiene, aseptic catheter management, improving disinfection and sterilisation methods, antimicrobial stewardship and better staff education. Keywords: infections, hospital acquired infections, infection prevention, surgical site infection, antimicrobial resistance, hand hygiene, operation theatre, intensive care unit, sterilization, patient safety