ROLE OF CYBER-TECHNOLOGY IN ENHANCING MARITIME SAFETY AND SECURITY

The study examined the role of cyber-technology in improving maritime safety and security as distinct but related aspects of global shipping operations. It aimed to assess how digital systems, predictive tools, and connected networks help prevent accidents, improve navigation, and address deliberate maritime threats. Guided by High Reliability Theory (HRT), the study adopted a qualitative desk research design, drawing on industry casualty data, international incident records, and peer-reviewed literature published between 2010 and 2024. The findings showed that Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), and Internet of Things (IoT) predictive maintenance systems have improved navigational awareness and helped reduce machinery failures, which account for 26.3% of marine casualties. These technologies have also contributed to an 82% reduction in Arctic navigation accidents and an approximately 71% decline in global large-vessel losses. In maritime security, Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), satellite-AIS tracking, coastal radar networks, and automated container screening have improved the detection and prevention of piracy, smuggling, and terrorism. Global piracy attacks fell from 445 in 2010 to 116 in 2024. However, challenges persist, including outdated operational technology (OT), poor crew cyber practices, fragmented regulations, and the underreporting of cyber incidents. The study concluded that the full benefits of cyber technology in maritime operations can only be realized when technological integration is supported by a vigilant organizational culture, continuous monitoring, and adaptive recovery strategies. It recommended that stakeholders adopt a multi-layered defence framework that integrates information security management, robust policy implementation, and continuous cybersecurity awareness. Keywords: Cyber-technology, Maritime Safety, Maritime Security, High Reliability Theory (HRT), Operational Technology (OT), Predictive Maintenance, Maritime Domain Awareness.