Integrative Digital Governance for Deepfake Harms: Bridging Legal Regulation, Public Policy, and Victim Protection in Indonesia

Deepfake related harms expose a governance problem that cannot be resolved through criminalisation alone. Synthetic images, audio, and video can generate reputational, sexual, economic, privacy, and identity harms while circulating through infrastructures operated by multiple private and public actors. This study examines how Indonesia’s existing legal and public policy architecture addresses deepfake harms and develops an integrative digital governance model oriented toward prevention and victim protection. The research uses normative legal analysis with statutory, conceptual, policy, and limited comparative approaches. Primary materials include Indonesia’s Electronic Information and Transactions Law, Personal Data Protection Law, Criminal Code, Sexual Violence Crime Law, electronic system regulations, and national artificial intelligence policy instruments. Comparative lessons are drawn from the European Union’s AI transparency regime, Australia’s online safety model, and South Korea’s response to synthetic sexual abuse. The analysis finds that Indonesia possesses several applicable legal instruments, but they operate through separate legal interests, institutions, and remedial logics. This fragmentation leaves four governance deficits: weak ex ante authenticity safeguards, unclear platform due diligence standards, dispersed enforcement coordination, and victim remedies that are insufficiently rapid for viral synthetic content. The article proposes an Integrative Digital Governance framework consisting of prevention and authenticity, platform accountability, coordinated enforcement, and victim recovery. Its contribution lies in shifting Indonesian deepfake scholarship from offence by offence legal mapping toward a lifecycle-based governance architecture that connects regulation, institutional responsibility, technological safeguards, and measurable victim-centred outcomes.