Rancang Bangun Sistem Irigasi Otomatis Berbasis Jaringan Sensor Nirkabel dan Monitoring Web Laravel

Conventional irrigation often triggers water waste or crop failure due to inaccurate manual scheduling. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate a web-based smart irrigation system prototype to optimize water management using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The methodology utilizes a star topology with two YL-69 sensor nodes transmitting data via the ESP-NOW communication protocol directly to an ESP32 Gateway integrated with a Laravel website. The calibration procedure was strictly conducted through 30 independent reading repetitions for each soil variant sample. Experimental results show high accuracy with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 1.58% and a minimum error of 0.04% in extreme water-saturated conditions. The hardware system successfully controls a 12V solenoid valve based on an inverted active-low threshold control algorithm of < 40%. The Laravel platform achieves real-time telemetry synchronization without data lag, supported by network performance with a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) above 99% and stable latency between 242–252 ms. In conclusion, this system provides an efficient, fail-safe, and automated remote monitoring solution to support precision farming.