Infrastructure Concentration and the Operational Independence of the Bitcoin Peer-to-Peer Network: A Multi-Source Measurement Study

Measurement study of where reachable Bitcoin nodes are hosted (providers, ASes, countries), based on three crawlers and a non-listening node estimate (October 2026), with a topology model of provider and country outages. Infrastructure concentration is moderate at the provider level and higher at the country level; it does not confer control over consensus but creates capacity pressure and exposure to network-level attacks.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-11-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23859990
Primary Topic
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Type
preprint
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preprint

Infrastructure Concentration and the Operational Independence of the Bitcoin Peer-to-Peer Network: A Multi-Source Measurement Study

Tuna Kilic
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
preprint

Infrastructure Concentration and the Operational Independence of the Bitcoin Peer-to-Peer Network: A Multi-Source Measurement Study

Tuna Kilic
preprint en

Abstract

Measurement study of where reachable Bitcoin nodes are hosted (providers, ASes, countries), based on three crawlers and a non-listening node estimate (October 2026), with a topology model of provider and country outages. Infrastructure concentration is moderate at the provider level and higher at the country level; it does not confer control over consensus but creates capacity pressure and exposure to network-level attacks.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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Infrastructure Concentration and the Operational Independence of the Bitcoin Peer-to-Peer Network: A Multi-Source Measurement Study — Tuna Kilic · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS