Ethical and Methodological Challenges in Researching Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Reflexive Mixed-Methods Study of Nigerian Diaspora Communities in London.

Abstract Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is embedded within complex social, cultural, religious, gendered and intergenerational contexts. Migration may reshape attitudes as diaspora communities negotiate cultural continuity alongside different legal, health and social norms. This study examined how researcher gender, cultural proximity and insider–outsider positionality shaped access, trust, disclosure, interpretation and ethical decision-making during FGM/C research among Nigerian diaspora communities in London. Methods An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design informed by pragmatism was employed. Quantitative data from 145 participants were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 27. The qualitative component comprised 33 participants involved in semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions recruited through three Nigerian diaspora organisations. Qualitative data were managed using NVivo and analysed through reflexive thematic analysis. A reflexive diary and supervisory dialogue supported critical examination of the researcher’s position as a Nigerian male culturally proximate to participants but outside women’s embodied experiences of FGM/C. Results Findings indicated generational differences in attitudes towards FGM/C and distinctions between cultural and religious justifications. Reflexive analysis identified five interconnected issues: fluid insider–outsider positioning; gendered legitimacy and access; terminology and disclosure; cultural proximity and interpretative assumptions; and emotional labour and reflexivity. Cultural familiarity facilitated access but did not confer uncomplicated insider status. Conclusions Insider–outsider positionality in sensitive diaspora health research is relational, intersectional and context-dependent. Reflexivity should function as an ethical and analytical practice through which researchers critically examine knowledge production. Explicit positionality, sensitive terminology and culturally responsive engagement can strengthen FGM/C research.