Analisis Manajemen Risiko Internal dan Eksternal terhadap Profitabilitas melalui Efisiensi Operasional Perbankan pada Bank Swasta Milik Asing Periode 2020–2024

This research was conducted to determine and analyze the influence of liquidity risk (LDR), credit risk (NPL), and the Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) Index on profitability (ROA), mediated by banking operational efficiency (BOPO). The research focuses on the Foreign-Owned Private Banking Sector listed under the Financial Services Authority (OJK) during the 2020–2024 period. The analytical techniques include descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression. Hypothesis testing was performed through the F-test, t-test, and coefficient of determination. The results partially indicate that liquidity risk does not have a significant effect on profitability, with a probability value of 0,0587 (p > Sig 0,05). Conversely, credit risk and the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index are found to significantly influence profitability, with probability values of 0,0310 and 0,0003, respectively (p < 0,05). Operational efficiency is also confirmed to have a significant effect on profitability, yielding a probability value of 0,0000 (p < Sig 0,05). With respect to the intervening variable, liquidity risk does not significantly affect operational efficiency, as indicated by a probability value of 0.4926 (p > Sig 0,05). In contrast, credit risk and the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index significantly affect operational efficiency, with probability values of 0,0420 and 0,0020, respectively (p < Sig 0,05). Simultaneously, all independent variables exert a significant influence on profitability, with a probability value of 0,0000 (p < Sig 0,05), and the model demonstrates a coefficient of determination of 93,84%.