Guidelines for a Public Policy on the Digital Transformation of Education in Romania

Objectives: This paper examines the need for a coherent national public policy for the digital transformation of Romanian education, with artificial intelligence (AI) integrated as a cross-cutting component. Prior Work: The analysis draws on European and international frameworks (Digital Decade 2030, Digital Education Action Plan, AI Act, UNESCO and OECD guidance) and on established models of technology integration (SAMR, TPACK). Approach: A documentary analysis of European and national strategies was combined with a critical review of the literature and a case study of Estonia’s systemic approach. Results: Romania has formally aligned with the European framework through national documents, yet lacks a dedicated strategy for the digital transformation of education; Estonia’s institutional coordination, data interoperability and responsible AI integration offer transferable lessons. Implications: The findings support policymakers, education administrators and researchers in designing a formal, funded and monitored strategy, with clear objectives, indicators and responsibilities. Value: The paper proposes seven strategic dimensions — digital ecosystem, accessibility, connectivity, curriculum and assessment, innovation, ethics and security, sustainability — and argues for measures to ensure digital equity.