Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), dan Green Banking terhadap Return on Assets (ROA) pada Bank BUMN di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2019–2024

Bank profitability is influenced by capital strength, credit risk, and the integration of sustainability practices into business operations. This study examines the effects of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), and Green Banking on Return on Assets (ROA) among state-owned banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2019–2024. A quantitative associative approach was applied using secondary data from annual financial statements and sustainability reports. The sample consisted of four state-owned banks Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, and Bank Tabungan Negara observed over six years, resulting in 24 panel-data observations selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using panel regression with EViews 12, and the Fixed Effect Model was selected based on model-selection tests. The results indicate that CAR has a positive and statistically significant effect on ROA, while NPL has a negative and statistically significant effect. Green Banking has a positive but statistically insignificant partial effect on ROA. Simultaneously, CAR, NPL, and Green Banking significantly explain variations in ROA, with the model reporting an R-squared of 0.7479. These findings suggest that capital management and credit-risk control are important for bank profitability, while the financial benefits of Green Banking may require a longer period to materialize. The study provides considerations for bank management, investors, and regulators in balancing financial performance with sustainability commitments.