Dynamic evolution of diaphorin biosynthetic genes against a background of genome conservation in Profftella

The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Insecta: Hemiptera), a major agricultural pest, harbors the unusual obligate bacterial symbiont "Candidatus Profftella armatura" (Profftella), which is intimately integrated with its host yet devotes a remarkably large proportion of its highly reduced genome to the production of diaphorin, a bioactive polyketide. To gain insight into the evolution of this distinctive symbiont, we determined the genomes of Profftella and the co-resident nutritional symbiont "Candidatus Carsonella ruddii" (Carsonella) from Diaphorina lycii and compared them with previously characterized counterparts from D. citri and D. cf. continua. The Profftella and Carsonella chromosomes from D. lycii were 471 and 174 kb, respectively, and Profftella harbored an 8-kb plasmid. Genome organization and gene content were highly conserved across the three lineages. The diaphorin biosynthetic system likewise retained its overall organization, consistent with an important role for diaphorin in the Diaphorina symbiotic system. Remarkably, however, pronounced lineage-specific structural variation was observed in diaphorin synthases DipP and DipT, encoded by two of the 20 diaphorin biosynthetic genes. These synthases contained three extensively amplified tandem arrays of acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains that carry growing polyketide intermediates, with up to seven copies compared with one or two at corresponding positions in the related pederin synthases. All three regions of tandem ACP repeats showed copy-number variation among the Profftella lineages. This variation indicates that ACP amplification remains evolutionarily dynamic despite the otherwise highly constrained symbiotic genome. Together, our findings show that even highly integrated obligate symbionts retain evolutionary flexibility in specialized functional systems.