Análisis de radiación solar y validación experimental en un sistema fotovoltaico aislado.

The problem of poor energy management and rapid degradation of components in single-source electric vehicles is addressed in this article. To solve this problem, a hybrid energy system combining a lithium-ion battery, supercapacitors, and hydrogen fuel cells is proposed. The vehicle's performance during acceleration and regenerative braking is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. A bidirectional DC/DC converter is used to control the power flow, maintaining the energy balance during periods of high demand and recovering energy during braking. The fuel cell provides stable power, the supercapacitor manages sudden power peaks and their absorption, and the battery supplies steady long-term energy. The simulation results show stable voltage and current profiles across all sources, demonstrating the effectiveness of the coordination. Compared to conventional configurations, the proposed system consumes 15% less hydrogen and achieves an overall energy efficiency of over 85%. These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid architecture successfully addresses the identified energy management challenge, improves vehicle performance under load variations, and offers a new solution for next-generation electric mobility and the use of clean energy in future sustainable transportation systems.