The Key Attributes for High-Quality BIM Design Model: A Review

High-quality Building Information Modeling (BIM) design models, developed through collaborative design processes, are essential for the successful delivery of construction projects. Such models support coordination, information exchange and decision-making among project teams. However, poor model quality, including inconsistent elements, conflicting components and missing objects can introduce design errors, disrupt collaboration and delay projects. Despite growing recognition of this problem, the core attributes that define a highquality BIM design model remain fragmented across the literature and have not been consolidated into a coherent set, which represents a clear research gap. This study addresses that gap by systematically identifying and synthesising the key attributes that characterise high-quality BIM design models in collaborative environments. A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Peer-reviewed journal articles published in English between 2016 and 2025 were retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, and 65 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria. The results highlight six key attributes of high-quality BIM design models: coordinated, completeness, consistency, accuracy, synchronised and clarity. Coordinated models integrate multidisciplinary design inputs into a unified representation; completeness ensures that essential elements are included; consistency maintains data alignment across model views; accuracy supports buildability; a synchronised models enables real-time updates across disciplines; and clarity improves the interpretation of model information. By consolidating these attributes into a single structured framework, the study provides a transparent basis for evaluating and improving BIM design model quality and offers practical guidance for BIM professionals, decision-makers and policymakers.