LTspice vs. Multisim: Effects on Conceptual Understanding and Simulation Skills

In electronics education, circuit simulation software is widely recognised as an instructional tool that supports conceptual understanding while reinforcing practical laboratory skills. This study examined the effects of circuit simulation software on both cognitive and psychomotor learning outcomes among diploma-level electronic engineering students. A total of 116 fourth-semester students participated, with Group A from UiTM Penang using Multisim and Group B from UiTM Johor using LTspice. Cognitive achievement was assessed using post-test scores to measure conceptual understanding of electronic circuits. Psychomotor performance was evaluated using simulation task scores based on a structured rubric across four components: software handling, circuit construction, output response, and output validation. Descriptive and inferential analyses indicated that students using LTspice achieved significantly higher post-test scores than Multisim users (p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.65), and outperformed them in software handling, circuit construction, and output validation, with moderate to very large effect sizes. No significant differences were observed in output response, and overall simulation task performance was comparable between the two groups. These findings suggest that the choice of simulation software significantly influences conceptual understanding, whereas overall psychomotor performance remains largely comparable across platforms. The results highlight the importance of selecting appropriate circuit simulation software in laboratory based instruction, providing insights for curriculum design and teaching strategies aimed at enhancing both theoretical knowledge and targeted practical skills.