Two‐Dimensional Heterostructures: From Controlled Synthesis to Post‐Moore Device Applications

ABSTRACT Two‐dimensional heterostructures, with their atomically sharp van der Waals (vdW) interfaces, flexible stacking combinations, and versatile band engineering capabilities, provide a materials platform for post‐Moore information devices. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the controllable synthesis and device applications of two‐dimensional (2D) heterostructures. The primary fabrication strategies—including mechanical stacking, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy—are first categorized, and their respective advantages and limitations in terms of interface quality, scalability, and controllability are analyzed. The synthesis routes for vertical, lateral, and unconventional heterostructures are then detailed, followed by an introduction to the construction of heterostructure arrays. Subsequently, key progress in high‐performance transistors, reconfigurable logic circuits, optoelectronic devices, and neuromorphic computing systems based on 2D heterostructures is highlighted. Finally, critical scientific bottlenecks and technical challenges are identified, and perspectives are offered on future directions including low‐temperature growth, machine‐learning‐assisted optimization, wafer‐scale integration, and silicon‐platform hybridization. This review aims to provide a systematic reference for the research and development of post‐Moore information device technologies.