Marcadores tumorales en el pronóstico, diagnóstico y seguimiento del cáncer de mama: Revisión literaria

This systematic review evaluates the clinical utility of conventional and emerging tumor markers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of breast cancer through a structured search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus (2021–2025). From 17,953 records, 7 original articles were selected and assessed using QUADAS-2 and GRADE frameworks. Findings indicate that classical markers (CA 15-3 and CEA) possess moderate sensitivity (58.0%) and high variability, making them effective primarily for monitoring recurrence and treatment response. In contrast, emerging molecular biomarkers such as PTEN (96.4% sensitivity, 100% specificity), circHIPK3, and TTL/CK19 mRNA demonstrated superior performance for early detection and risk stratification. However, the certainty of evidence for these emerging markets is currently low due to the limited number of studies. The review concludes that while conventional markers remain clinical benchmarks for follow-up, a transition toward molecular panels and the integration of artificial intelligence is necessary to enhance diagnostic precision and personalize oncological care in public health.