A Performance-Based Indicator Framework for Assessing Innovative Materials in Modular Emergency Shelters

In recent years, the increasing intensity of disasters, conflicts and mass displacement has amplified the need for emergency shelters that are rapidly deployable, structurally safe, and thermally comfortable, particularly when delivered through prefabricated modular systems. The recent development of innovative materials—including smart, recycled, bio-based, and 3D-printed composites—has demonstrated considerable potential for improving emergency shelter performance. However, existing studies primarily evaluate these materials individually, with limited efforts to integrate them into a comprehensive performance-based decision framework for modular emergency shelters. This research aims to develop a performance-based indicator framework for evaluating and selecting innovative materials to enhance the safety, comfort, durability, and ease of deployment of modular emergency shelters in contemporary contexts. The framework was developed through a structured review of innovative materials, analysis of emergency shelter requirements, the identification of performance indicators, and comparative performance assessment.. It examines how alternative materials align with the specific requirements of emergency contexts. This establishes clear performance standards for demanding structural, climatic, and operational conditions while enabling their integration into modular shelter designs. The study employs a set of performance indicators covering structural behavior, thermal efficiency, fire and moisture resistance, ease of assembly and disassembly, environmental impacts, availability, and cost. The framework further demonstrates how advanced smart material properties, such as self-healing and self-sensing capabilities, can extend the lifespan of shelters while simplifying monitoring and maintenance. The findings indicate that innovative materials can substantially improve durability and adaptability in modular emergency shelters. However, the results also demonstrate constraints related to higher initial costs, limited availability in some regions, and the need for further experimental validation under real emergency conditions. The proposed framework provides a practical decision-support toolfor evaluating and selecting innovative materials for modular emergency shelters while supporting more resilient and sustainable post-disaster housing solutions.