Transboundary Animal Diseases in Sudan: Epidemiological Challenges, Veterinary Service Constraints, and Implications for Livestock Production and Food Security

This narrative review examines the major transboundary animal diseases affecting Sudan and their implications for livestock production, veterinary services, regional animal health, and food security. The review focuses on important infectious diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), sheep and goat pox, and Rift Valley fever (RVF). It explores the epidemiological factors influencing disease occurrence and transmission, including livestock mobility, cross-border animal trade, environmental conditions, surveillance limitations, and vaccination challenges. Particular attention is given to the impact of the armed conflict that began in Sudan in April 2023 on veterinary infrastructure, diagnostic laboratories, vaccine production, disease surveillance, and animal health service delivery. The review also discusses the relationship between animal health, livestock productivity, economic stability, and food security, while highlighting the importance of the One Health approach and regional cooperation in strengthening disease prevention and control. Furthermore, the manuscript identifies major research gaps and proposes strategic priorities for improving veterinary services, strengthening epidemiological surveillance, enhancing laboratory capacity, and promoting sustainable livestock health management in Sudan and neighboring countries. By synthesizing available scientific literature and relevant institutional reports, this review aims to provide a broader understanding of the challenges affecting transboundary animal disease management in Sudan and to contribute to discussions on veterinary sector recovery, livestock development, and food security.