Bekenstein–Hawking Entropy from Gaussian Unit Group Order Without Free Parameters

The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy formula S = A/4 contains the denominator 4 as an empirical constant with no standard structural derivation. Loop Quantum Gravity requires a free parameter (the Barbero–Immirzi parameter γ) tuned to reproduce this factor. We propose that the denominator 4 is |Z4| = |ℤ[i]*| = |{1, i, −1, −i}|, the order of the Gaussian unit group—the group of invertible elements in the Gaussian integers. This identification eliminates the Immirzi parameter, replacing it with a topological invariant of the underlying arithmetic. The formula becomes S = A/|ℤ[i]*|, with the denominator fixed by the discrete rotational symmetry of the Gaussian lattice. We show this agrees with string-theoretic microstate counting and predicts a minimum of eight horizon punctures at the Bit+ radiation level.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-31
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23843409
Primary Topic
Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
Type
preprint
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preprint

Bekenstein–Hawking Entropy from Gaussian Unit Group Order Without Free Parameters

Robert A. Kenney
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
preprint

Bekenstein–Hawking Entropy from Gaussian Unit Group Order Without Free Parameters

Robert A. Kenney
preprint en

Abstract

The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy formula S = A/4 contains the denominator 4 as an empirical constant with no standard structural derivation. Loop Quantum Gravity requires a free parameter (the Barbero–Immirzi parameter γ) tuned to reproduce this factor. We propose that the denominator 4 is |Z4| = |ℤ[i]*| = |{1, i, −1, −i}|, the order of the Gaussian unit group—the group of invertible elements in the Gaussian integers. This identification eliminates the Immirzi parameter, replacing it with a topological invariant of the underlying arithmetic. The formula becomes S = A/|ℤ[i]*|, with the denominator fixed by the discrete rotational symmetry of the Gaussian lattice. We show this agrees with string-theoretic microstate counting and predicts a minimum of eight horizon punctures at the Bit+ radiation level.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
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