Four Fundamental Forces as Successive Complex-Plane Rotations of a Single Algebraic Seed
We propose that the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetism, weak, strong) correspond to four successive rotations by arctan(1/2) ≈ 26.57° in the complex plane, driven by the cascade seed z = 2+i. Each rotation adds one power of z, changing the argument by arctan(1/2) and scaling the norm by √5. The first rotation (n = 1) is gravity; the second (n = 2) produces the 3-4-5 Pythagorean triple governing electromagnetism; the third (n = 3) reaches the weak scale; the fourth (n = 4) crosses the real axis (polarity flip at J = −7+24i), identified with the strong force.
Authors
- Robert A. Kenney
Publication Details
- Journal
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Published
- 2026-10-31
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23842332
- Primary Topic
- Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
- Type
- preprint