Atomic Shell Structure as Three-Level Fractal Hierarchy from Cascade Iteration

We identify the atomic shell structure (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, …) as a three-level fractal hierarchy from the cascade: level 1 (principal quantum number n) from the norm tower 5k; level 2 (angular momentum l) from the Pythagorean decomposition at each level; level 3 (magnetic quantum number ml) from the Z4 rotational symmetry. The maximum principal quantum number n = 7 for naturally occurring elements matches the cascade boundary |Re(J)| = 7.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-31
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23843051
Primary Topic
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
Type
preprint
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preprint

Atomic Shell Structure as Three-Level Fractal Hierarchy from Cascade Iteration

Robert A. Kenney
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
preprint

Atomic Shell Structure as Three-Level Fractal Hierarchy from Cascade Iteration

Robert A. Kenney
preprint en

Abstract

We identify the atomic shell structure (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, …) as a three-level fractal hierarchy from the cascade: level 1 (principal quantum number n) from the norm tower 5k; level 2 (angular momentum l) from the Pythagorean decomposition at each level; level 3 (magnetic quantum number ml) from the Z4 rotational symmetry. The maximum principal quantum number n = 7 for naturally occurring elements matches the cascade boundary |Re(J)| = 7.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
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Atomic Shell Structure as Three-Level Fractal Hierarchy from Cascade Iteration — Robert A. Kenney · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS