Regulatory clarity, culture and commitment: explaining Qatarization effectiveness

Purpose This study examines the effectiveness of workforce nationalization policies in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with a focus on Qatar and Qatarization initiative. It investigates how institutional pressures, especially perceived regulatory clarity and enforceability, interact with organizational factors to influence Qatarization outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on institutional and decoupling theories, the research analyzes survey data from 132 organizations across diverse industries in Qatar's public and private sectors. The study employs partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesized relationships. Findings Results indicate that perceived regulatory clarity and enforceability are positively associated with top management commitment and a Qatarization-supportive culture. However, legal mandates alone appear insufficient; their effectiveness depends on organizational interpretation and support. Practical implications The results suggest that policymakers and organizational leaders may consider integrating clear regulatory expectations with initiatives that support managerial engagement and workplace inclusion. Organizations can strengthen leadership accountability and cultivate a supportive culture through career development, training, and inclusive workplace practices, while evaluating these initiatives before wider adoption. Originality/value This study offers a focused theoretical refinement of institutional and decoupling perspectives by showing how perceived regulatory clarity and enforceability operate through top management commitment and organizational culture to shape Qatarization effectiveness. It provides actionable insights for GCC policymakers and organizational leaders seeking to advance sustainable workforce localization outcomes.