Magnetic Field-Based Intervention in Cardiovascular Diseases: Biological Basis, Therapeutic Strategies, and Translational Challenges

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide, and their burden continues to rise. As a noninvasive physical intervention, magnetic fields offer deep tissue penetration, remote programmability, and favorable spatiotemporal controllability, making them uniquely valuable for modulating cardiovascular function. This review systematically summarizes the biological basis of magnetic field actions on the cardiovascular system, including multi-scale effects on cardiac electrophysiology and ion channels, vascular endothelial function and microcirculatory perfusion, and cardiac autonomic regulation. On this basis, we synthesize therapeutic advances in three areas: electrophysiological intervention in arrhythmias, cardiac autonomic neuromodulation, and cardiac repair and regeneration. Preclinical evidence indicates that magnetic fields can mediate nonpharmacological intervention in arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, although clinical validation to date is limited to a single small randomized trial. Finally, we analyze translational bottlenecks (standardization of stimulation parameters, long-term in vivo safety assessment, and intelligent closed-loop control) and outline future directions integrating magnetic fields with regenerative medicine and artificial intelligence, aiming to provide new strategies for precision cardiovascular care.