Scale Induction in the 3n+1 System

This paper develops a complete inverse-word and affine-scale framework for the 3n+1 system. Using the coordinates S, j, and B, it establishes the concatenation calculus, credit-before-debt identity, ordered B structure, affine rails, ternary-cell decomposition, and compatible dependency trees arising across the systems 3n+3^a. A global scale-induction theorem then proves that every positive odd integer belongs to the rooted component generated by 1. Universal rootedness is combined with exact origin-relative positivity and the trichotomy of odd trajectories. Nontrivial cycles are excluded because they require zero origin-relative displacement, while every nonempty admissible rooted word has strictly positive displacement except for the trivial return at 1. Divergent trajectories are excluded because a runaway tail would require an inverse descent below its least tail value, contradicting the rooted credit-before-debt bound. Consequently, every positive odd integer reaches 1, and division by powers of two extends the conclusion to every positive integer.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-31
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23847529
Primary Topic
Advanced Mathematical Theories
Type
article
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article

Scale Induction in the 3n+1 System

Michael Spencer
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Mathematical Theories
article

Scale Induction in the 3n+1 System

Michael Spencer
article en

Abstract

This paper develops a complete inverse-word and affine-scale framework for the 3n+1 system. Using the coordinates S, j, and B, it establishes the concatenation calculus, credit-before-debt identity, ordered B structure, affine rails, ternary-cell decomposition, and compatible dependency trees arising across the systems 3n+3^a. A global scale-induction theorem then proves that every positive odd integer belongs to the rooted component generated by 1. Universal rootedness is combined with exact origin-relative positivity and the trichotomy of odd trajectories. Nontrivial cycles are excluded because they require zero origin-relative displacement, while every nonempty admissible rooted word has strictly positive displacement except for the trivial return at 1. Divergent trajectories are excluded because a runaway tail would require an inverse descent below its least tail value, contradicting the rooted credit-before-debt bound. Consequently, every positive odd integer reaches 1, and division by powers of two extends the conclusion to every positive integer.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 7%
Advanced Mathematical Theories
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