Beyond rumination: an ecological momentary assessment of daily thinking patterns in maladaptive daydreaming

Maladaptive daydreaming is a form of maladaptive repetitive thought characterized by excessive, dysfunctional fantasy engagement, with notable links to psychological distress and poor well-being. Although symptoms can be reliably measured along a continuum, it remains unclear how they manifest in the phenomenological characteristics of everyday thinking, as well as which thought characteristics are unique to maladaptive daydreaming versus shared with trait rumination, a transdiagnostic manifestation of maladaptive repetitive thinking that frequently co-occurs with maladaptive daydreaming. To advance these questions, we conducted a pre-registered study using ecological momentary assessment to track the everyday thoughts of 446 young adults (aged 18 to 34) spanning a range of maladaptive daydreaming symptom severity as assessed with the 16-item Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale. Higher maladaptive daydreaming scores were associated with several poor mental health indicators, including higher trait rumination. Positive associations between maladaptive daydreaming scores and both negatively-valenced and task-unrelated thinking emerged, yet these relationships were accounted for by variance shared with rumination. Beyond rumination, higher maladaptive daydreaming scores were uniquely associated with worse mood, as well as greater internally-oriented attention, more socially-oriented thought, and greater overall thought persistence. Maladaptive daydreaming also uniquely moderated the relationship between internal orientation and social orientation, such that the positive association between internal and social thought content became stronger at higher levels of maladaptive daydreaming. Overall, these findings provide novel evidence that maladaptive daydreaming levels are linked to unique socioemotional features and restricted dynamics, beyond its overlap with general ruminative distress in everyday life. These insights suggest that clinical interventions should target immersive fantasy engagement alongside transdiagnostic maladaptive repetitive thinking.